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Carlos A Santos

TitleProfessor
InstitutionRush University, Rush Medical College
DepartmentInfectious Diseases
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    Collapse Biography 
    Collapse awards and honors
    2013 - 2015KL2 Career Development Award, Washington University in St. Louis
    2007Teaching and Service Award, Rush University Medical Center
    2002Class Valedictorian, University of the Philippines, Manila

    Collapse Overview 
    Collapse overview
    I am a Transplant Infectious Disease Physician and Population Health Scientist at RUSH University Medical Center. My dual research career missions are to perform epidemiologic and outcomes research that can help optimize infectious disease management in solid organ and stem cell transplant recipients, and build infrastructure, applications and educational programs that can enable informatics and outcomes research. I had an intramural KL2 Career Development Award at Washington University where I developed expertise in using large observational data for research, pharmacoepidemiology, and public health informatics. I have used these skills to conduct outcomes and pharmacoepidemiologic research in transplant infectious diseases using large administrative datasets, study the impact of COVID-19 on antimicrobial use and resistance, and develop cohort discovery tools, patient recruitment portals, and informatics curricula to better enable clinical research. I am currently the Director of the Transplant Infectious Diseases Service at RUSH, and an Informatics Lead for the University of Chicago/RUSH University Institute for Translational Medicine.

    Collapse Bibliographic 
    Collapse selected publications
    Publications listed below are automatically derived from MEDLINE/PubMed and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing publications. Faculty can login to make corrections and additions.
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    PMC Citations indicate the number of times the publication was cited by articles in PubMed Central, and the Altmetric score represents citations in news articles and social media. (Note that publications are often cited in additional ways that are not shown here.) Fields are based on how the National Library of Medicine (NLM) classifies the publication's journal and might not represent the specific topic of the publication. Translation tags are based on the publication type and the MeSH terms NLM assigns to the publication. Some publications (especially newer ones and publications not in PubMed) might not yet be assigned Field or Translation tags.) Click a Field or Translation tag to filter the publications.
    1. Arant EC, Davy-Mendez T, Liang T, Rodrigues M, Gay CL, Rana MM, Friedman-Moraco R, Gilbert A, Stock P, Mehta SA, Mehta S, Stosor V, Pereira MR, Morris MI, Hand J, Aslam S, Malinis M, Haidar G, Small CB, Santos CAQ, Schaenman J, Baddley JW, Wojciechowski D, Blumberg EA, Ranganna K, Adebiyi O, Elias N, Castillo-Lugo JA, Giorgakis E, Apewokin S, Morsheimer M, van Delden C, Manuel O, Mueller NJ, Neofyotos D, Tobian AAR, Massie A, Segev DL, Werbel W, Durand CM. Infections After Kidney Transplantation From Donors With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) to Recipients With HIV. Clin Infect Dis. 2026 Jan 12. PMID: 41524130.
      Citations:    
    2. Moehring RW, Yarrington ME, Ashley ED, Addison RM, Buckel WR, Cosgrove SE, Doughman D, Klein E, Santos CAQ, Spivak ES, Trick W, Smith M, Weber DJ, Zhao C, Anderson DJ, Goldstein BA. Using Encounter-Level Data for Risk-Adjustment of Antimicrobial Use Comparisons: Feasibility and Variable Selection. Clin Infect Dis. 2025 Dec 15. PMID: 41398639.
      Citations:    
    3. Bhaimia E, Russell D, Santos CAQ. Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors and invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis: a case report and multi-center exploratory retrospective study. ASM Case Rep. 2026 Jan; 1(2). PMID: 41503539; PMCID: PMC12772241.
      Citations:    
    4. Freercks R, Rodrigues M, Manning K, Heymann J, Kopp JB, Nagiah S, Rana M, Florman S, Friedman-Moraco R, Stock P, Gilbert A, Mehta S, Stosor V, Pereira MR, Morris MI, Hand J, Haidar G, Malinis M, Santos CAQ, Schaenman J, Blumberg EA, Wojciechowski D, Odim J, Massie A, Selvan MT, Bagnasco S, Segev D, Tobian AAR, Muller E, Durand CM, Redd AD. APOL1 Genotype and Patient Outcomes in US and South African Transplant Recipients With HIV who Received Kidneys From Donors With HIV. Transplantation. 2025 Nov 17. PMID: 41247466.
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    5. Zaman F, Zhu X, Hunt JH, Rozek G, Eby Y, Hussain S, Desai NM, Florman S, Rana MM, Friedman-Moraco R, Pereira MR, Mehta S, Stock P, Gilbert A, Hand J, Morris MI, Stosor V, Mehta SA, Small CB, Schaenman J, Santos CAQ, Aslam S, Wojciechowski D, Malinis M, Haidar G, Odim J, Morsheimer M, Segev DL, Redd AD, Durand CM, Tobian AAR. Inflammation among kidney transplant donors with and without HIV: Multicenter HOPE in Action Consortium. Clin Immunol. 2025 Jul 11; 110563. PMID: 40653253.
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    6. Tilmon S, Bellam S, Bobay K, Cohen E, Dillon E, Furner B, Gray SE, Johnson J, Meltzer D, Miller D, Nyenhuis S, Ozik J, Santos C, Solomonides A, Solway J, Zampino E, Krishnan S, Volchenboum SL. Neighborhood sociome factors and pediatric asthma exacerbations: Protective role of tree crown density and importance of pharmacy access in Chicago's south side. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2025 Jul; 36(7):e70127. PMID: 40708112.
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    7. Rozek GM, Yang P, Eby Y, Benner SE, Martens C, Habtehyimer F, Chahoud M, Brown D, Desai NM, Florman S, Rana MM, Pereira MR, Hand J, Mehta SA, Schaenman J, Santos CAQ, Aslam S, Elias N, Odim J, Morsheimer M, Segev DL, Durand CM, Tobian AAR, Redd AD. HIV-Superinfection in Kidney Transplant Recipients with HIV who Received Organs from Donors with HIV. J Infect Dis. 2025 May 29. PMID: 40439124.
      Citations:    
    8. Nambiar P, Liang T, Labo N, Hand J, Blumberg EA, Rana MM, Florman S, Haydel B, Morris MI, Schaenman J, Rodrigues MMS, Werbel WA, Bowring MG, Friedman-Moraco RJ, Stock P, Stosor V, Mehta S, Gilbert AJ, Elias N, Mehta SA, Small CB, Haidar G, Malinis M, Pereira MR, Aslam S, Wojciechowski D, La Hoz R, Santos CAQ, Apewokin S, Castillo-Lugo JA, Ranganna K, Morsheimer M, Massie A, Segev DL, Miley W, Marshall V, Whitby D, Tobian AAA, Durand CM. Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Risk and Disease in Kidney Donors and Transplant Recipients with HIV in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2025 May 05. PMID: 40324947.
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    9. Freercks R, Rodrigues M, Manning K, Heymann J, Kopp JB, Nagiah S, Rana M, Florman S, Friedman-Moraco R, Stock P, Gilbert A, Mehta S, Stosor V, Pereira MR, Morris MI, Hand J, Haidar G, Malinis M, Santos CAQ, Schaenman J, Blumberg EA, Wojciechowski D, Odim J, Massie A, Selvan MT, Bagnasco S, Segev D, Tobian AA, Muller E, Durand CM, Redd AD. APOL1 genotype and patient outcomes in US and South African transplant recipients with HIV who received kidneys from donors with HIV. medRxiv. 2025 Apr 16. PMID: 40321250; PMCID: PMC12047941.
      Citations:    
    10. Santos CAQ, Won SY, Dwyer R, Perez C, Trick WE, CDC Prevention Epicenters Program. Benchmarking antimicrobial use to antimicrobial resistance: a comparative study of two hospitals using current National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) metrics. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2025 Jan 27; 1-8. PMID: 39865757.
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    11. Durand CM, Massie A, Florman S, Liang T, Rana MM, Friedman-Moraco R, Gilbert A, Stock P, Mehta SA, Mehta S, Stosor V, Pereira MR, Morris MI, Hand J, Aslam S, Malinis M, Haidar G, Small CB, Santos CAQ, Schaenman J, Baddley J, Wojciechowski D, Blumberg EA, Ranganna K, Adebiyi O, Elias N, Castillo-Lugo JA, Giorgakis E, Apewokin S, Brown D, Ostrander D, Eby Y, Desai N, Naqvi F, Bagnasco S, Watson N, Brittain E, Odim J, Redd AD, Tobian AAR, Segev DL, HOPE in Action Investigators. Safety of Kidney Transplantation from Donors with HIV. N Engl J Med. 2024 10 17; 391(15):1390-1401. PMID: 39413376; PMCID: PMC11606542.
      Citations:    
    12. Hostler CJ, Krishnan J, Parish A, Baroco A, Cooper P, Donceras O, Lautenbach E, Tolomeo P, Sansossio T, Santos CAQ, Schwartz D, Zhang H, Welbel S, Lokhnygina Y, Anderson DJ, CDC Prevention Epicenters Program. Postoperative outcomes after receipt of ertapenem antimicrobial prophylaxis for colon surgery: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2024 Oct 04; 1-6. PMID: 39363596; PMCID: PMC11611502.
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    13. Mossack S, Spellman AM, Lagalbo SA, Santos CA, Peev V, Saltzberg S, Chan E, Olaitan O. Outcomes of Bladder Washout for the Treatment of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections After Renal Transplantation. Cureus. 2024 Apr; 16(4):e58556. PMID: 38765422; PMCID: PMC11102097.
      Citations:    
    14. Raval AD, Ganz ML, Fraeman K, Lorden AL, Saravanan S, Tang Y, Santos CAQ. Corrigendum: Real-World Treatment Patterns of Antiviral Prophylaxis for Cytomegalovirus Among Adult Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Linked USRDS-Medicare Database Study. Transpl Int. 2024; 37:11921. PMID: 38420269; PMCID: PMC10900229.
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    15. Tilmon S, Nyenhuis S, Solomonides A, Barbarioli B, Bhargava A, Birz S, Bouzein K, Cardenas C, Carlson B, Cohen E, Dillon E, Furner B, Huang Z, Johnson J, Krishnan N, Lazenby K, Li K, Makhni S, Miler D, Ozik J, Santos C, Sleiman M, Solway J, Krishnan S, Volchenboum S. Sociome Data Commons: A scalable and sustainable platform for investigating the full social context and determinants of health. J Clin Transl Sci. 2023; 7(1):e255. PMID: 38229897; PMCID: PMC10789989.
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    16. Durand CM, Martinez N, Neumann K, Benedict RC, Baker AW, Wolfe CR, Stosor V, Shetty A, Dietch ZC, Goudy L, Callegari MA, Massie AB, Brown D, Cochran W, Muzaale A, Fine D, Tobian AAR, Winkler CA, Al Ammary F, Segev DL, HOPE in Action Investigators. Living kidney donors with HIV: experience and outcomes from a case series by the HOPE in Action Consortium. Lancet Reg Health Am. 2023 Aug; 24:100553. PMID: 37600163; PMCID: PMC10435840.
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    17. Benner SE, Eby Y, Zhu X, Fernandez RE, Patel EU, Ruff JE, Habtehyimer F, Schmidt HA, Kirby CS, Hussain S, Ostrander D, Desai NM, Florman S, Rana MM, Friedman-Moraco R, Pereira MR, Mehta S, Stock P, Gilbert A, Morris MI, Stosor V, Mehta SA, Small CB, Ranganna K, Santos CA, Aslam S, Husson J, Malinis M, Elias N, Blumberg EA, Doby BL, Massie AB, Smith ML, Odim J, Quinn TC, Laird GM, Siliciano RF, Segev DL, Redd AD, Durand CM, Tobian AA. The effect of induction immunosuppression for kidney transplant on the latent HIV reservoir. JCI Insight. 2022 11 08; 7(21). PMID: 36345940; PMCID: PMC9675561.
      Citations:    
    18. Pfaff ER, Girvin AT, Gabriel DL, Kostka K, Morris M, Palchuk MB, Lehmann HP, Amor B, Bissell M, Bradwell KR, Gold S, Hong SS, Loomba J, Manna A, McMurry JA, Niehaus E, Qureshi N, Walden A, Zhang XT, Zhu RL, Moffitt RA, Haendel MA, Chute CG, N3C Consortium, Adams WG, Al-Shukri S, Anzalone A, Baghal A, Bennett TD, Bernstam EV, Bernstam EV, Bissell MM, Bush B, Campion TR, Castro V, Chang J, Chaudhari DD, Chen W, Chu S, Cimino JJ, Crandall KA, Crooks M, Davies SJD, DiPalazzo J, Dorr D, Eckrich D, Eltinge SE, Fort DG, Golovko G, Gupta S, Haendel MA, Hajagos JG, Hanauer DA, Harnett BM, Horswell R, Huang N, Johnson SG, Kahn M, Khanipov K, Kieler C, Luzuriaga KR, Maidlow S, Martinez A, Mathew J, McClay JC, McMahan G, Melancon B, Meystre S, Miele L, Morizono H, Pablo R, Patel L, Phuong J, Popham DJ, Pulgarin C, Santos C, Sarkar IN, Sazo N, Setoguchi S, Soby S, Surampalli S, Suver C, Vangala UMR, Visweswaran S, Oehsen JV, Walters KM, Wiley L, Williams DA, Zai A. Synergies between centralized and federated approaches to data quality: a report from the national COVID cohort collaborative. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2022 Mar 15; 29(4):609-618. PMID: 34590684; PMCID: PMC8500110.
      Citations:    
    19. Durand CM, Florman S, Motter JD, Brown D, Ostrander D, Yu S, Liang T, Werbel WA, Cameron A, Ottmann S, Hamilton JP, Redd AD, Bowring MG, Eby Y, Fernandez RE, Doby B, Labo N, Whitby D, Miley W, Friedman-Moraco R, Turgeon N, Price JC, Chin-Hong P, Stock P, Stosor V, Kirchner VA, Pruett T, Wojciechowski D, Elias N, Wolfe C, Quinn TC, Odim J, Morsheimer M, Mehta SA, Rana MM, Huprikar S, Massie A, Tobian AAR, Segev DL, HOPE in Action Investigators. HOPE in action: A prospective multicenter pilot study of liver transplantation from donors with HIV to recipients with HIV. Am J Transplant. 2022 Mar; 22(3):853-864. PMID: 34741800; PMCID: PMC9997133.
      Citations:    
    20. Bennett TD, Moffitt RA, Hajagos JG, Amor B, Anand A, Bissell MM, Bradwell KR, Bremer C, Byrd JB, Denham A, DeWitt PE, Gabriel D, Garibaldi BT, Girvin AT, Guinney J, Hill EL, Hong SS, Jimenez H, Kavuluru R, Kostka K, Lehmann HP, Levitt E, Mallipattu SK, Manna A, McMurry JA, Morris M, Muschelli J, Neumann AJ, Palchuk MB, Pfaff ER, Qian Z, Qureshi N, Russell S, Spratt H, Walden A, Williams AE, Wooldridge JT, Yoo YJ, Zhang XT, Zhu RL, Austin CP, Saltz JH, Gersing KR, Haendel MA, Chute CG, National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) Consortium. Clinical Characterization and Prediction of Clinical Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among US Adults Using Data From the US National COVID Cohort Collaborative. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Jul 01; 4(7):e2116901. PMID: 34255046; PMCID: PMC8278272.
      Citations:    
    21. Okamoto K, Santos CAQ. Management and prophylaxis of bacterial and mycobacterial infections among lung transplant recipients. Ann Transl Med. 2020 Mar; 8(6):413. PMID: 32355857; PMCID: PMC7186743.
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    22. Durand CM, Werbel W, Doby B, Brown D, Desai NM, Malinis M, Price J, Chin-Hong P, Mehta S, Friedman-Moraco R, Turgeon NA, Gilbert A, Morris MI, Stosor V, Elias N, Aslam S, Santos CAQ, Hand JM, Husson J, Pruett TL, Agarwal A, Adebiyi O, Pereira M, Small CB, Apewokin S, Heun Lee D, Haidar G, Blumberg E, Mehta SA, Huprikar S, Florman SS, Redd AD, Tobian AAR, Segev DL. Clarifying the HOPE Act landscape: The challenge of donors with false-positive HIV results. Am J Transplant. 2020 02; 20(2):617-619. PMID: 31675457; PMCID: PMC7132607.
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    23. George IA, Spec A, Powderly WG, Santos CAQ, George IA, Spec A, Powderly WG, Santos CAQ. Comparative Epidemiology and Outcomes of Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Non-HIV Non-transplant, and Solid Organ Transplant Associated Cryptococcosis: A Population-Based Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2018 02 01; 66(4):608-611. PMID: 29028978; PMCID: PMC5849089.
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    24. Pande A, Non LR, Romee R, Santos CA, Pande A, Non LR, Romee R, Santos CA. Pseudozyma and other non-Candida opportunistic yeast bloodstream infections in a large stem cell transplant center. Transpl Infect Dis. 2017 Apr; 19(2). PMID: 28099778.
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    25. Non LR, Santos CA, Non LR, Santos CA. The occurrence of infective endocarditis with Staphylococcus lugdunensis bacteremia: A retrospective cohort study and systematic review. J Infect. 2017 02; 74(2):179-186. PMID: 27777118.
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    26. Spec A, Santos CA, Pence MA, Spec A, Santos CA, Pence MA. The Brief Case: Dyspnea in a Profoundly Immunocompromised Man. J Clin Microbiol. 2016 10; 54(10):2410-2. PMID: 27664266; PMCID: PMC5035409.
      Citations:    
    27. Spec A, Santos CA, Pence MA, Spec A, Santos CA, Pence MA. Closing the Brief Case: Dyspnea in a Profoundly Immunocompromised Man. J Clin Microbiol. 2016 10; 54(10):2628. PMID: 27664267; PMCID: PMC5035430.
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    28. Santos CA, Brennan DC, Olsen MA, Santos CA, Brennan DC, Olsen MA. Accuracy of Inpatient International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification Coding for Cytomegalovirus After Kidney Transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2015 Jul-Aug; 47(6):1772-6. PMID: 26293049; PMCID: PMC4547363.
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    29. Santos CA, Brennan DC, Fraser VJ, Olsen MA, Santos CA, Brennan DC, Fraser VJ, Olsen MA. Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of delayed-onset cytomegalovirus disease in a large, retrospective cohort of heart transplant recipients. Transplant Proc. 2014 Dec; 46(10):3585-92. PMID: 25498094; PMCID: PMC4270011.
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    30. Chanin JM, Marcos LA, Thompson BM, Yusen RD, Dunne WM, Warren DK, Santos CA. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 clone as a cause of Lemierre's syndrome. J Clin Microbiol. 2011 May; 49(5):2063-6. PMID: 21430106.
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    31. Lane MA, Barsanti MC, Santos CA, Yeung M, Lubner SJ, Weil GJ. Human paragonimiasis in North America following ingestion of raw crayfish. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Sep 15; 49(6):e55-61. PMID: 19681705.
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